Generation and Characterization of Nanobubbles

Document Type : Review Paper

Author

Physics Department, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorram-Abad, Iran

10.22111/cnmst.2026.55044.1291

Abstract

Many researchers have focused their research on nanobubbles due to their mysterious properties and potential applications. Nanobubbles are formed from two parts: an inner core (central gas) and an outer layer (stabilizing shells), each with its own physical and chemical properties. The core is a low-density compartment and constitutes the main part of the volume of a nanobubble. The shell, which is mostly composed of surfactants, polymers or proteins, forms a protective layer around the core and prevents gas diffusion. The efficient production of nanobubbles and the determination of their gaseous nature with existing methods are still challenging. So far, various methods such as hydrodynamic/acoustic cavitation, ceramic membrane filtration, depressurization of saturated solution, Solvent exchange, and electrochemical method have been used to produce nanobubbles. Different techniques such as nanoparticle tracking analysis, light scattering methods, electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, resonance mass measurement, and spectroscopy techniques are employed to confirm nanobubbles formation. This review focuses on the production methods of nanobubbles as well as their characterization techniques.

Keywords

Challenges in Nano and Micro Scale Science and Technology
Volume 14, Issue 1
March 2026
Pages 39-51

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